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In this case, the team borrowed from the simple defensive trait as a proof of concept, building the optic-changing property into a flexible printed substrate.
We have examined the role of cactus spines as a defensive trait against infection by T. aphyllus in a local system of two cactus species, Echinopsis chilensis and Eulychnia acida.
Fig. 5 Geographic distribution of hot, warm/hot, warm/cold, and cold spots for coevolution as revealed by the phenotypic interface between a host defensive trait (spine length) and a parasite infection trait (radicle length).
We show that in addition to extensively investigated indirect defences, cyanogenesis has to be considered as an important direct defensive trait affecting lima beans' overall defence in nature.
Although the defensive trait of prey organisms in response to predation risk provides a fitness advantage owing to avoidance of predation mortality, such traits are accompanied by unavoidable costs such as poor resource acquisition [6], [7].
We previously mapped QTL for the structural defensive trait of trichome density in this RIL panel (Holeski et al. 2010).
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Many of these plant defenses are inducible, i.e. defensive traits are expressed only after an initial attack by plant antagonists, which is known as induced resistance (IR) [ 1].
The relaxation of defensive traits in island plants has been demonstrated by the loss of ant-defense mutualisms in island species of Cecropia [47], [48] and more recently in reductions in chemical defenses in island forms of red cedar, Thuja plicata [49].
A youngster with traditional defensive traits will often find themselves overlooked in favour of a more technical player asked to play at the back.
The connection between ecology and drug discovery started for us when we realized that prey species were turning production of defensive traits off and on as needed for different enemies.
One possibility is that competition was the main cause of divergence in habitat between limnetics and benthics, and that the habitat differences subsequently led to divergence in defensive traits.
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