Sentence examples for defense trait from inspiring English sources
At time 1, the plant evolves a defense trait (orange circle) and then radiates into a number of new species that have the defense trait (green box).
What appears to be "over-expression" could instead be the outcome of optimal regulation of a defense trait.
In doing so, they had repeated tests across diverse taxa of whether evolving a defense trait enhances species richness.
If the initial trait value of the invading prey is close to the equilibrium trait value of the resident prey (see the initial point of trajectory c in Fig. 3a), the defense trait of the invading prey evolves to a higher value after it invades and three species coexist stably (trajectory c in Fig. 3a; Fig. 3c).
If the initial defense trait value of the second prey is lower than the equilibrium trait value of the resident prey (see the initial point of trajectory b in Fig. 3a), the trait of the second, invading prey evolves to a lower value after it invades and three species coexist stably (trajectory b in Fig. 3a; Fig. 3b).
OPR3-RNAi plants thus appear to lack defense trait(s) that deter both the generalist and the specialist herbivore from oviposition.
Because these transformed lines did not differ in any other measured defense traits [ 42], they allowed us to examine the defensive function of TPIs by constraining plant responses to herbivore attack and observe unconstrained herbivore behavior in response to these constrained plant responses.
Particular environmental characteristics may alter these amphibian immune defense traits and potentially affect disease resistance.
This study indicates that environmental characteristics influence amphibian immune defense traits and may explain population differences in pathogen resistance.
These results highlight the complexity of interactions between herbivores and plant defenses, and indicate that measuring selection for defense traits may not be straightforward in natural environments that include multiple herbivore guilds.
Amphibians are protected from disease-causing pathogens by two skin-associated immune defense traits: the skin microbiome and the antimicrobial peptides found within natural peptide secretions (NPS) produced by the skin.
