An amendment to move money from military purchases of biofuels to defense maintenance.
Most naked mole-rat colonies are comprised of a single breeding female (the queen), one to three breeding males, and a large number (on average 60 90, but in some cases over 200) of non-reproductive "subordinates," who assist in foraging, colony defense, maintenance of the tunnel system, and caring for the young [14], [15], [16].
Over the course of their lives, workers performed activities inside and outside the nest that were grouped into eight behavioral categories: body grooming, brood care, feeding, nest defense, colony maintenance, communication, immobility, and other behaviors (Fig. 2 and Table 1).
Macrophages are tissue-resident components of the innate and adaptive immune systems and perform a variety of functions in host defense and maintenance of homeostasis [1].
Activation of cellular mechanisms involved in stress response-signaling and -regulation upon exposure to stress conditions as well as activation of systems involved in oxidative stress defense and maintenance of protein quality might be an essential and general mode of microbial stress adaptation and enhancement of bacterial robustness.
miRNAs regulate a variety of biological processes like development, metabolism, stress response, pathogen defense and maintenance of genome integrity [ 3, 4].
Furthermore, among group-living primates, males' testosterone levels are also responsive to the defense and maintenance of social status (Muller and Wrangham 2004; Archer 2006).
The immune system is a remarkably adaptive defense and maintenance system that has evolved in vertebrates to protect against invading pathogenic microorganisms and to maintain homeostasis.
The NADP system provides an important counterpart to the NAD system, supporting anabolic reactions of metabolism, organismic defense, and maintenance of the thiol/disulfide systems.
The exact role however, that these molecules play in normal mucosal defense and maintenance of tympanic cavity sterility as well as in the OM susceptibility has not yet been clearly elucidated.
Our findings indicate a tradeoff between investment in reproduction and antioxidant defense (somatic maintenance) consistent with theoretical predictions, but correlations between standard life-history traits yield little evidence that oxidative stress generates strict tradeoffs.
