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These results suggest that cathepsin B is a host defense factor against the CD4-independent infection, but not against the CD4-dependent infection.
Through a series of signal transduction pathways, finally, defense-related genes such as chitinase and PR-1a could be activated and their products are produced, and then function as a defense factor against oxidative stress in the apoplast of rice roots (Figure 6).
Another host defense factor induced in our dataset is murine β-Defensin 3 (defb3).
ALP are important defense factor in protecting the gut-liver-brain multiple organ against bacterial infection [ 30- 32].
IA treatment also significantly enhanced mRNA transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced the mRNA expression of the mucosal defense factor intestinal alkaline phosphatase (iAP).
Thus, it is conceivable that the Apaf-1 functions as a host defense factor against invasion by intracellular pathogens as an inhibitor or sensor as well as a pro-apoptotic agent.
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Some of the proteins that animals synthesize as natural antibacterial defense factors attack the cell walls of bacteria.
Thirteen strains produced all 3 defense factors, whereas the others lacked 1 or 2 properties.
Constitutive clam defense factors and the response to QPX challenge were also affected by salinity.
This study was designed to investigate the effect of temperature on constitutive and QPX-induced defense factors in M. mercenaria.
Thus, low concentrations of silica nanoparticles caused a moderate prooxidant effect on the background of activation of antioxidant defense factors of B. subtilis IMV В-7023 В-7023
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