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Glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are another kind of antioxidant enzyme that in eukaryotes plays an important role in defending the cell against hydroperoxides and lipid peroxides [17], [18].
These genes play a significant role in defending the cell against oxidative stress exerted by reactive oxygen species (ROS), integral effectors of mammalian host defenses.
The sequenced D. mawsoni tissues shared high levels of expression in a number of genes including several involved in defending the cell from environmental stressors, while other highly expressed genes are tissue specific.
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Whole-cell proteomics provided an unbiased description of additional participatory proteins that may help defend the cell against copper's reactivity.
Glutathione is a major suppressor of ROS, being the result of a complex mechanism that defends the cell from oxidative damage.
Their induced expression, especially under intermediate CO2 concentrations, paired with increases in mRNA transcripts for proteins involved in antioxidant defence suggest an increased capacity to defend the cell against cellular damage.
Despite the cell's extensive ability to neutralize free radicals via mitochondrially derived NAD(P H, in a scenario of overwhelming oxidant stress the reserve capabilities of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants may be unable to defend the cell from the damaging effects of free radicals.
The prison authorities defend the cells on the grounds that they make ordinary prisons safer for their inmates and create a secure working environment for the warders.
Localized cellular stress, caused by toxins, mutagens or radiation, coupled with a weakened systemic response or inability to support or defend the cells that are under attack, cause these cells to revert to an ancient, unicellular mode of survival, therefore cutting links with the overarching organism and defend themselves from the threat as if they were individual entities.
ROS-scavenging genes are induced to defend the cells from oxidative stress.
The enzymes of the "upper degradation pathways," comprising the initial furanic aldehyde and alcohol oxidations, are likely to be generic, broad-specificity dehydrogenases that defend the cells against toxic aldehydes.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com