In essence, Messrs Card and Krueger defend the validity of their earlier work; in essence, Messrs Neumark and Wascher still think it wrong.
Instead of having to prove TKT infringed, she said, Amgen will now only have to defend the validity of its patents.
A weak attempt is made by the editor of 100 Great Poems for Boys, Leslie Pockell, to defend the validity of his book in its introduction (no such attempt is made by Celia Johnson, editor of 100 Great Poems for Girls).
When the government, through the Federal Trade Commission, tried to intervene against "hucksterish" advertising slogans promoting the healthfulness of their cigarettes, prominent otolaryngologists were recruited to defend the validity of the blatantly false claims.
Forums like the AEA meetings, where economists are forced to defend the validity of their research against their peers' attempts to poke holes in it, are another vital way to ensure that economic research is credible, robust and valid.Faith or failure?Some argue that economists face greater ethical questions than those about financial conflicts of interest.
Again, this amounts, for the challenger, to accepting the burden of the formal restriction in a subdialogue where he will defend the (validity of the) formula.
Strawson therefore holds that it is myth to suppose that we can locate a level of claim on the basis of which we can defend the validity of our application of physical object concepts.
So when advances in science or medicine call those traditional norms into question, fundamentalists are forced to challenge the advances in order to defend the validity of their religious beliefs.
There are cisgender women who never have a period, are infertile, or choose not to have children and don't have to defend the validity of their gender identity and expression.
In this way, an attitudinal scale score serves as a proxy for the latent construct it is purported to measure, and researchers need to be prepared to defend the validity and limitations of their scale in representing it (Clark and Watson, 1995).
January 9 , 20144.55pm GMT Yeah, why does he keep defending the validity of this traffic study?
