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Subsequent export restrictions – more specifically, "high technology defence articles or services" – confirmed the US's intent to punish Russia's struggling space industry.
American Robert Caldwell was also found guilty of aiding and abetting the illegal transport of defence articles and served 20 months in prison.
Briton Robert Gibson, an associate of Tappin who agreed to co-operate, was jailed for 24 months after pleading guilty to conspiracy to export defence articles.
So the Central Asian states have been able to share a bounty of perhaps $500m a year in access fees (not counting the shipping costs).On the way out, the NATO-led coalision is facing requests for another form of largesse: EDA, or "excess defence articles", ie, surplus military kit from the war.
At a brief court hearing in El Paso today, Tappin, who pleaded guilty last year to a single count of aiding and abetting the illegal export of defence articles, had his plea deal with the US authorities formally approved and must now report to a state penitentiary in Pennsylvania before 8 March.
But in September, the complaint sheet claims that the defendants "introduced a new topic of discussion: they asked whether the UCs [undercover agents] could obtain and pass along highly sensitive American military technology, including defence articles, for the benefit of individuals and organisations operating on behalf of the Chinese government".
Similar(54)
The parallel test for invoking the UN's charter's self-defence clause, article 51, for pre-emptive action is that the need must be "instant, overwhelming, and leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation".
NATO invoked its mutual-defence article on September 11th (which says an attack on one member is an attack on all).
The UN charter only sanctions force in self-defence (Article 51) or when authorised by the Security Council to prevent a breach of the peace or an act of aggression (Chapter VII).
They wanted an expansive definition of NATO's role, which has anyway begun to creep beyond its old borders since its involvement in the war in Kosovo.But some traditionalists in Europe were reluctant to invoke the mutual-defence article in Afghanistan, so far beyond NATO's borders.
Many post-communist states, and even Norway, are nervous that the focus on "expeditionary" operations such as Afghanistan has weakened mutual defence under Article 5 of the NATO charter.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com