These conditions result in coatings often far away from thermodynamic equilibrium, with high defect densities and stresses, grain sizes in the nanometer range, and metastable phases.
Finally, a growth mechanism is proposed emphasizing the role of emerging defects and stress on the appearance of localized nanostructures.
The proposed formulation captures the damaging behavior of plates with initial defects and stress raisers such as holes, including damage initiation, evolution, and ultimate fracture of the specimen.
Agglomeration/aggregation is evident at high filler contents, which deteriorates the nanoscale of filler and produces many defects and stress concentrations in nanocomposites [11 13].
The interface defect and stress are unique for the SLNW structure compared to the common nanowire structure.
The defect and stress come from not only the bulk and the surface of the segment Bi and BiSb nanowires, but the interface of the SLNWs as well.
The existence of the interfaces in SLNWs will introduce excess defect and stress, which will have a strong influence on the thermal expansion behavior of SLNWs.
The increased α is mainly attributed to the partly elimination of the defect and stress at elevated temperature, as the elimination of stress is predominant at low temperature, while that of defects becomes predominant at high temperature.
There are always certain kinds of defect and lattice stress in nanowires, especially for those fabricated by the electrochemical method [26, 27], and the surface defect and stress will increase substantially with decreasing nanowire diameter, which might be significant in determining the thermal behavior of nanowires.
One can see that the lattice parameters after the 1st high-temperature XRD measurement are always smaller than that before the measurement for all the nanowires studied, indicating a partly elimination of the defect and stress.
