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This will result in defective movement of the eyes, causing lack of coordination between the two eyes and diplopia, or double vision.
The defective movement of deep cells has been monitored in E-cadh mutants [4], [5].
Fgfr1−/− embryos showed an accumulation of cells adjacent to the primitive streak, defective movement of cells across the primitive streak and flawed axial organisation [21] [22].
Historically, to select for transgenic animals with minimal effort, rescue of mutants that displayed phenotypes such as temperature-sensitive embryonic and larval lethality (pha-1 (e2123 ); Granato et al. 1994), or defective movement and inability to enter a stress-resistant dauer stage (unc-119 (ed3 ); Maduro and Pilgrim 1995; Praitis et al. 2001), were used as transformation markers.
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In contrast, Vps35 depletion resulted in a defective retrograde movement of BACE1-mCherry towards the soma, without obvious effect on its anterograde movement (Fig. 7A D).
It makes sense that defective cholesterol movement might interfere with Shh signaling, says Beachy.
We conclude that the corneal fluid accumulation found in genetic diseases of SLC4A11 arises at least in part from defective water movement by SLC4A11.
Knockout mutations in zc4h2 were created in zebrafish and homozygous mutant larvae exhibited abnormal swimming, increased twitching, defective eye movement and pectoral fin contractures.
Consistent with a general role of TXDC-9 in microtubule dynamics, animals homozygous for the txdc-9 mutation were defective in movement, a phenotype also seen when microtubules are disrupted by benomyl and other microtubule drugs (Chalfie and Thomson 1982).
Ectopic AVE transplantation experiments have indicated that the AVE represses posterior markers [1], [15] and analysis of mutants with defective AVE movements [1], [14], [16], [17], [18], or no AVE formation [19], [20], [21], have suggested that the AVE inhibits primitive streak formation in the anterior of the embryo.
Additional or missing lattice cells may be consequent to either direct mis-regulation of the apoptotic machinery, signaling to enhance cell survival, or defective cell movements that target cells to specific zones surrounding each ommatidium where apoptosis preferentially occurs [4], [5], [7], [8].
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