Such groups are trapped by defects existing in grain boundaries and/or near sample surfaces [17].
Oxygen vacancies are one of the most active defects existing at the surface of metal oxides.
The results show that intrinsic structure defects existing in raw carbon fibers act as active sites for effective N doping.
With decreasing film thickness, there were more defects existing in the ZnO Ti films and surface roughness decreased.
They take advantage of the defects existing in the agreement rules to obtain more resources than other nodes in the network [6, 7].
The oxide films and casting defects existing on the fracture surface of the casting specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
It is reasonable to expect that the polyoxometallate-assisted nucleation of gold has occurred in the proximity of oxygenated defects existing on carbon substrates.
Therefore, to solve the defects existing in the exponential reaching law, a novel reaching law is proposed, which can accelerate the convergence rate of sliding mode surfaces and weaken the chattering phenomenon.
However, there are still some inconveniences and weaknesses in DE algorithm, such as the inconveniences in the choice of proper control parameters and the defects existing in a given mutation strategy.
This microfluidic chip could overcome some defects existing in the current preparation method such as low efficiency, wide distribution of diameters, as well as difficult for screening and collection.
