Exact(7)
This design resulted in only a very brief social defeat, yet when comparing defeated animals with no-defeat controls, a significant increase in social avoidance was still observed.
Reduced activity of brain dopaminergic systems was supposed in defeated animals [17].
Chronically high plasmatic levels of the corticosteroid hormone cortisol were repeatedly observed in socially defeated animals [10] and constitute evidence of chronic stress in subordinate fish [15]; this chronic stress could be related to many of the adverse physiological consequences of social subordination.
Chronic antidepressant treatment has been demonstrated to reverse the social deficits induced in chronically defeated animals [ 122].
Defeated animals run into the bush with their hair and tail erect, their conqueror in pursuit and biting their victim's rear where possible.
Defeated animals show a faster acquisition and a higher motivation to self-administer cocaine [ 457- 459].
Similar(53)
In a variant procedure, a defeated animal is left in chronic contact with the olfactory cues of the aggressive intruder, such that exposure to a psychological stressor is chronic, although the actual agonistic experience is intermittent.
Maestripieri and colleagues [35] reported that repeated daily interactions of the same pairs of individually housed male mice produced a clear distinction between attacking (dominant) and defeated (subordinate) animals in levels of locomotor activity that also correlated with differences in neurotrophin blood levels (see also [36]).
He and Mysterio, representing the Filthy Animals, defeated Harlem Heat (Booker T and Stevie Ray) for the WCW World Tag Team Championship on October 18 , 1999
Weed's group joins Joe to defeat the animal.
Names: Players will be renamed for weapons, poisonous animals or defeated presidential candidates, i.e., Rat Casket, Boa Dukakis.
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