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Such mechanistic information is key to moving beyond default approaches for extrapolating from high-dose animal toxicity tests to estimation of human risk at realistic exposure levels.
While these different default approaches reflect different underlying assumptions, there is general agreement on the preference for use of MOA to inform the dose response assessment.
These approaches allow one to use mechanistic data more directly to evaluate dose response, without having to evoke default approaches of linear or non-linear extrapolation.
Unfortunately, in some US government programs the default approaches have been so ingrained that it has proven very difficult to incorporate this newer, biologically based information and methods.
The NRC vision is that initially there will be the need for continued reliance on default approaches like those currently applied but that these methods will be replaced by methods that rely on TP models.
The use of available 21st century knowledge of biological processes, clinical findings, chemical interactions, and dose response at the molecular, cellular, organ and organism levels will minimize the need for extrapolation and reliance on default approaches.
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The default approach to any story about the U.S. is to create a cacophony that hints at conspiracy.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com