Internal waves of 10 15 m amplitude appeared to exert control over the depth distribution of the deep population.
Approximately 12 h into the first experiment, a relatively warm surface water mass with low Alexandrium cell densities intruded over the drogue station, leaving only the deep population.
It is noteworthy that the confounding over the deep population structure of rice and other self-fertilized plants (e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana) may result in missing heritability in GWAS results (Brachi et al. 2011).
In O. sativa, the deep population structure poses significant challenges for association mapping because functional variation that is highly correlated with subpopulation structure cannot be distinguished from all other (non-causative) subpopulation-correlated genetic variation.
In addition to higher-frequency internal waves, as was observed in the first experiment, we also observed a low-frequency internal tidal wave of greater than 20 m amplitude that controlled the vertical distribution of the deep population of cells.
As in the first experiment, the surface population effectively disappeared after a few hours, leaving only the deep population; in this case, however, there was some evidence of an initial downward movement of the surface population prior to its complete disappearance.
We studied 893 subjects from the LifeLines-DEEP population cohort.
Genetic studies using diverse methodologies have uncovered a deep population structure within domesticated rice.
In these studies, candidate genes identified through GWAS were surveyed through deep population resequencing to identify rare putatively functional mutations.
