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The dirivultid copepods, only found at vents and on bare basalt within the AST, considerably contribute to deep sea diversity with currently 50 described species [85].
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Deep-sea diversity studies have revealed intriguing patterns on both local and regional scales, but there is insufficient evidence with which to evaluate these trends in the Arctic Ocean basin.
There has been an order of magnitude fewer studies examining deep-sea diversity latitudinal gradients.
Despite their huge dimensions, our knowledge of both pelagic and benthic deep-sea diversity is scant [1], [2].
Large-scale repeatable analyses of deep-sea biotic data are also crucial to developing a broad understanding of deep-sea diversity patterns.
Because of the large size of the Mediterranean deep-sea ecosystems (Figure 1d), our knowledge of the benthic deep-sea diversity is incomplete [177].
Finally, we provide our collective perspectives on the most pressing questions, research needs, and technology issues required to increase our understanding of deep-sea diversity in this region.
Both ecological and evolutionary processes appear to influence global-scale deep-sea diversity patterns, although the patterns themselves are still not fully understood.
It is not clear whether this is a real pattern of lower deep-sea diversity or a result of the lack of proper faunistic studies in the Mediterranean at those depths.
Levin et al. [140] proposed a set of environmental factors that may be responsible for determining deep-sea diversity patterns, and these can in some cases be extended onto the shelf.
We made a first attempt to quantify the total deep-sea diversity on the basis of the species identified so far for the Foraminifera, Nematoda (for Meiofauna), Macrofauna, and Megafauna (Figure 5).
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