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Studies which controlled for ethnicity were deemed higher quality than those that did not.
Population based studies were deemed higher quality than case-control studies.
Studies scoring 6 7 were deemed higher quality, 4 5 as medium, and 0 3 as lower quality.
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Although these findings are drawn from only 1 study, this was deemed high quality research boasting a vast sample size (n = 16,401), where a diverse range of covariates were included in statistical analyses, including maternal depression, a known risk factor for problematic behaviour and criminal activity in children [35 37].
Two studies were deemed high quality, 36 moderate quality studies, and one low quality study.
Only six studies were deemed high quality according to QA criteria.
However, the subgroup analysis of one of the two trials deemed high quality [ 31] revealed no significant effectiveness.
The mean Jadad score (2.1 points) was low, and the majority of RCTs were deemed low to moderate quality, except for six trials [ 31, 34, 35, 37, 46, 47] that were deemed high quality with a Jadad score of ≥3.
A priori, cohort studies and RCTs were deemed high quality (HQ) when the score was ≥7 and ≥8 points, respectively, acceptable quality (AQ) when the score was 5 6, and 6 7, respectively, and unacceptable quality when the score was ≤4, and ≤5 points, respectively.
Studies scoring a full six points were deemed high-quality RCTs reporting 1b level of evidence [ 10].
Where original source data were deemed of higher quality replace the benchmark structure where the structures are readily available.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com