But for a quarter century, dedicated Polish historians, diplomats, politicians and curators have also tried to reconcile different memories and heal wounds; one of the results was Poland's superb museum of Jewish history, jointly built by the international Jewish community and the Polish state.
Naxos' pianist is Michael Lewin, whose Griffes performances are dedicated and polished, if not incandescent.
The infamous Majdanek, the second largest Nazi concentration camp in Europe, where some 360,000 people died during World War II, was created just southeast of Lublin.Also notable are the magnificently landscaped Czartoryski Palace at Puławy and museums dedicated to Polish writers Bolesław Prus and Stefan Żeromski in the spa town of Nałęczów.
The Polish War Memorial dedicated to all Polish airmen who lost their lives during the Second World War stands near the southeastern corner of the airfield.
The Polish war memorial referred to by Mr Horovitz (Letters, 2 September) is official, but is dedicated solely to Polish airmen, many of whom flew from nearby RAF Northolt.
(The album is dedicated to the Polish poet Wislawa Szymborska, who died last year, though Mr. Stanko has never needed prompting to make elegies).
PiS argued that what Poland needed was leaders dedicated to true Polish values, included banning abortion, purging former communists and distributing state property to all citizens.
Alexander Pushkin's poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai," written after a visit in 1820, evokes a particularly beautiful dove-gray marble fountain, dedicated to a Polish harem girl whose death broke the heart of the last of the Crimean khans.
Even more telling is the fact that, in March 2001, he was one of the founders of the Committee to Defend the Good Name of Jedwabne, a local group dedicated to minimising Polish participation in the massacre.
