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This notwithstanding, the IELTS does dedicate substantial effort to the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the test from a rater perspective.
Some authors suggest that studies that demonstrate "if you teach them they will learn" are not very relevant, since medical students are by definition high-achieving individuals with strong academic credentials, so if you teach them something (and the content is mandatory and appears in exams) they will dedicate substantial effort to learn it and do well on the tests [ 39].
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Because of limitations in institutional salaries and ill-defined mechanisms to route salary support from externally funded research projects, faculty had to dedicate substantial efforts to the private practice of medicine and other extra-institutional activities to meet living expenses.
Unlike many studies that report expression changes from only subjective ranking or from small numbers of cells, we have dedicated a substantial effort to assure that AT1 expression was measured in a highly controlled and reproducible fashion in a large number of TH+ neurons.
As a result, there has been substantial effort dedicated to determining which pathways are activated by Ras signaling and, more importantly, which of these contribute to cancer.
We believe that that is an important part of our institute, and we dedicate significant efforts to do this.
Substantial effort has been dedicated to developing fluorescent chemosensors for ATP to elucidate its diverse physiological functions [8 10, 34, 35].
Substantial effort was then dedicated to establishing the fine balance of potency, pharmacokinetic properties, and selectivity necessary to advance a small molecule as a drug candidate.
Substantial effort has been dedicated to determining whether age is a primary determinant of ICU outcome for very old patients [ 6- 9, 11, 13- 15, 20, 29, 36- 39].
His strategy is to dedicate "substantial but not infinite" resources to keep an advantage over China.
It is obvious that PAT is a quite difficult technique requiring substantial effort in signal processing to tackle the unknowns of source position and emitted waveform as well as to separate the sources present simultaneously in the channel before switching them toward a dedicated blind inversion processor.
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com