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However, a continuous increase in RT with decreasing vigilance levels was only found for the substages A1, A2 and A3.
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This paper aims to show that two dimensions of monotony – namely road design and road side variability – decrease vigilance and impair driving performance.
To our knowledge, one previous studies led to similar results, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) frequently exposed to high risk situations displayed a lower level of antipredator behaviour (i.e. decreased vigilance) compared to those infrequently exposed to risk [6].
Peaks in relative mosquito feeding on each host during reproductive phases are likely the result of increased tolerance and decreased vigilance to attacking mosquitoes by nestlings and brooding adults (avian hosts), quiescent young (avian and mammalian hosts), and mate-seeking males (frogs).
However, no clear association between intake of frequently sedating medication and decreased vigilance (GCS) was seen (Supplementary Table 1).
Male LVF were also observed to invest less energy in parental care including decreased vigilance against predators.
We used this feature to assess eye closure time as an indicator of drowsiness and decreased vigilance during the 3 study periods.
In contrast, decreased vigilance could be seen in patients who took no medication or medication that only occasionally leads to sleepiness (e.g., patients N° 3, 6).
Bschor et al. [ 34] report on a manic patient with decreased vigilance who showed both a rapid (within 2 hours) and strong improvement of manic symptoms and a stabilisation of vigilance as assed in the EEG after administration of methylphenidate.
Typically, animals gain energy by increasing their feeding time and decreasing their vigilance effort with increasing group size, without increasing their risk of predation ('group size effect').
We show here that an increased disturbance mimicking an increased [1] predation risk consistently affected time-budget in ducks through decreasing preening, vigilance and foraging, and also resulted in a concomitant increase of sleep duration.
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