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We consider this to be a serious problem, as the chance to produce the expected results in experimental studies increases with decreasing validity of the studies.
Studies have investigated validity among people with cognitive impairment or dementia and have found decreasing validity along with decreasing level of cognitive function (Kørner et al., 2006; Müller-Thomsen, Arlt, Mann, Mass, & Ganzer, 2005; Smalbrugge, Jongenelis, Pot, Beekman, & Eefsting, 2008).
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There are limitations to this analysis that could decrease validity.
The auditory alerting cue would then compensate for this decreased validity effect.
While response shift is usually thought to increase the validity of evaluation results [ 12- 18], effects related to implicit theories of change are generally thought to decrease validity.
We looked to alternative methods to routinely measure compliance because human auditing has decreased validity and reliability inherent in the methodology.
Older age has [ 11, 36] or has not [ 6] been associated with decreased validity of self-reports, while narrow age window in our study (57 68 years) might explain the found minimal age effect.
We reached high internal validity at the cost of decreasing external validity.
Thus, not including those without complete deferred consent could cause harm by decreasing study validity [ 116, 117].
Inclusion of extra, non-alignable sequence in an assembly and/or expansion of repetitive sequence can both contribute to high parsimony values (the former decreases validity, the latter increases multiplicity).
Nevertheless, although blinding is essential for a high internal validity, it should be warily considered in a pragmatic trial because it decreases external validity.
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