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The driving force in sintering is decreasing surface energy; as the sintering proceeds, adjacent particles partially coalesce owing to viscous flow (as in glass) or to diffusion processes (as in crystalline materials), and consequently the total surface area decreases.
We show a significant reduction in scale formation with decreasing surface energy.
When the surface tension of the liquid medium was near that of water (72.8 mN/m) the adhesion increased linearly with decreasing surface energy of the substrate (Absolom et al. [1983]).
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The semiconducting Ge/SnO2 and metallic Mn/SnO2 surfaces suggested by the band calculations show the increasing and decreasing surface energies relative to the SnO2 surface, respectively.
Because of high surface energy and thermodynamics instability, CuCl nanoparticles grown on the surface of Cu substrate must decrease surface energy.
To minimize the loss of compaction, attributed to decreased surface energy after coating, while maintaining improved bulk density and flowability, the effect of reduced silica amount was examined.
The hydrophobic properties of polymer films were greatly enhanced after CF4-PSII treatment as evidenced by an increased contact angle and an decreased surface energy.
The additional driving force resulting from a decreased surface energy of some grains leads to an increase of the volume fraction of abnormally large grains and to texture amplification.
These processes remove surface defects, including surface hydroxyls, decreasing the surface energy of the crystallites making it harder for reduction to occur.
Addition of wetting agent is required to achieve a strong bonding between the matrix alloy and the reinforcement particles by decreasing the surface energy (wetting angle) between them.
From the (1), an initial nucleus, so called an embryo, would be appeared when the r is larger than r*, where ΔG becomes negative and then the embryo grows into the nuclei with decreasing the surface energy.
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