Animals like the beaver, with higher life expectancy and larger body mass are therefore expected to show decreased substitution rates.
Similarly, increased expression caused by movement from secondary to primary chromosomes could also enhance phenotypes favored by selection, increase selection for robust translation, and more gradually decrease substitution rates.
Our meta-analysis shows a reduction of blood loss and need for transfusion with decreasing molar substitution from heta- and penta- to tetrastarches.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether strategies designed to increase members' use of primary care services result in decreases (substitution) or increases (complementation) in the use and cost of other types of health services.
Explicit information on safety and efficacy of the generic PPIs and antidepressants could help raising levels of generic substitution (decreasing levels of branded substitution) to levels achieved for the other drug groups investigated namely of statins and ACE-inhibitors.
The difference between synonymous and noncoding substitutions per site decreases when substitutions involving CpG dinucleotides are removed from the analysis with only a 10% higher rate of substitution at synonymous sites, however, this difference is still significant (Table 4, p < 0.001).
The first cycle irreversible capacity loss also decreased upon substitution.
The concentrations of total VFA decreased by substitution of sorghum-sudan with alfalfa in both species, but the magnitude of the reduction was smaller in alpacas (−17%) than in sheep (−34%).
In case of the CsPOM/MCM, the acidity also decreased with substitution of Cs ion for protons [26].
Formal firms that were not complying with all or some dimensions of the mandated benefits for some of their workers are expected to increase the level of compliance, but never to decrease it (substitution effect).
