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It was observed that administration of PME, fluoxetine, and desipramine showed significant antidepressant-like effects by decreasing immobility.
Antidepressant drugs that block re-uptake of norepinephrine in the brain, but not those that block the re-uptake of serotonin, are effective in decreasing immobility in the FST in WKY [ 71, 81] and increasing locomotor activity of WKY in the open field test [ 81], thereby increasing their behaviour towards that of SHR.
Hence, the administration of these hormones to ovariectomised (OVX) rodents results in decreasing depressive-like behaviour as shown by decreasing immobility time in the forced swimming test [ 23– 27], declining anxiety behaviour as shown by increasing time spent in open arms in the elevated plus maze test [ 17, 19, 20, 28, 29], and improving novel object recognition memory [ 30].
MEBM = Methanolic extract of B. monniera * p < 0.001 compared with the control group (Dunnett's test) The effectiveness of the decreasing immobility in the FST was also shown previously with psycho stimulants, which exert an indiscriminate motor stimulating activity.
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Concurrent treatment with curcumin resulted in significantly decreased immobility time as well as hyperalgesia.
Treatment with mifepristone decreased immobility and increased swimming (but not climbing) behavior in the FST, consistent with anti-depressant action.
The results showed that treatment with chiisanoside at dose of 5.0 mg/kg significantly decreased immobility time in the FST and TST.
In contrast, NIC decreased immobility behavior and increased swimming in intact rats; whereas orchiectomy suppressed this antidepressant effect of NIC.
Treatment with tramadol, given (30 min earlier) by oral route (p.o). at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, decreased immobility time in the FST.
On the other hand, both IgG and IgGAM treatments showed decreased immobility time compared with the CLP group on day 10 (Fig. 4, p < 0.01).
We showed that both IgG and IgGAM treatments decreased immobility time compared with the CLP group on day 10, which can be interpreted that both treatments reversed CLP-induced depressive-like behaviors by day 10.
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