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Decreased awake time, decreased Stage 1 sleep and increased Stage 2 sleep were evident post-VNS, although univariate analyses did not reach significance.
Compared to controls, patients with schizophrenia had difficulty initiating sleep, decreased stage 4 duration, reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency, and normal sleep spindles and REMs densities.
We showed that patients with schizophrenia have significantly shorter total sleep time, longer sleep onset latency, more wake time after sleep onset, lower sleep efficiency, and decreased stage 4 sleep, slow wave sleep, and duration and latency of rapid eye movement sleep compared to healthy controls.
In depressed patients, however, increased stage I sleep, decreased stage III and stage IV sleep, shorter NREM sleep duration, insomnia (involving difficulties falling asleep, sleep fragmentation and early morning awakenings) are often reported [52], [53], [57], [58].
In particular, a less restrictive policy, less individual support measures, and a decreased stage of change regarding smoke-free policy predict an increase in SHS-related problems.
However men tend to an increased stage while women tend to an decreased stage of Dupuytren's disease (DD) at the point of reoperation.
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In an analysis based on national SEER data, Chien et al. found persistently decreased stage-adjusted survival among certain racial/ethnic groups and postulated that the residual differences were attributable to SES and/or comorbidities [ 5].
Choe et al found, in an analysis based on imputed SEER birthplace data, that foreign-born Asians were slightly more likely than US-born to present with advanced stage and have decreased stage-adjusted survival [ 17].
In a previous paper, we noted decreased stage-adjusted survival among Filipino males [ 19]; evidently, the poor survival was limited to both earlier years of diagnosis and younger Filipino men, thus, this pattern was not seen in this analysis.
The association between older age and decreased staging of the tumor was also identified in studies involving prostate cancer, as well as colon and rectal cancers in the U.S. [ 2- 5].
In a study involving postmenopausal women with breast cancer in the United States (U.S ., increased age was significantly associated with decreased staging of the tumor and with fewer auxiliary lymph node dissections in women aged 70 years and older [ 1].
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