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Since the early 1970s, transfusion of blood and blood products has been linked to immune suppression [ 4]. Specific immunomodulatory effects thought to be related to transfusions include increased cancer recurrence, increased mortality, increased postoperative bacterial infections, decreased recurrence rate of Crohn's disease, and decreased risk for recurrent spontaneous abortion.
Observational studies have suggested decreased recurrence rates from HRT.
Esophagectomy for early esophageal adenocarcinoma is associated with increased operative mortality and morbidity, but possibly a decreased recurrence rate compared with endoscopic therapy when using EMR and radiofrequency ablation.
There was no evidence that splenectomy decreased recurrence of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Based on microarray-derived expression values, the group with lower level miR-34c expression had decreased recurrence survival (p = 0.049) and decreased disease-specific survival (p = 0.019) compared to the group with higher level miR-34c expression.
In particular, the use of cyclosporine was not associated with a decreased recurrence rate.
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We next assessed if downregulation of IRF8 in circulating pre-DCs impacted patient outcome and found patients with low IRF8 expression in circulating pre-DCs had decreased recurrence-free and overall survival (Fig. 6h).
Higher tumor grade, larger size, renal pelvis location (all p <0.01) and multifocality (p = 0.05) significantly correlated with decreased recurrence-free survival, but did not predict failure of local control by endoscopic surveillance.Although endoscopic techniques can render most patients tumor-free, there is a high associated recurrence rate and many need repeat procedures.
In this series, when controlling for confounding variables, age alone was not a predictor of decreased recurrence-free survival.
High-level expression of EGFR is associated with higher tumour grade and stage and with decreased recurrence-free interval [ 70].
In addition, MUC1 is coexpressed and complexed with STAT1 (Khodarev et al. [ 39]), and it is associated with decreased recurrence-free and overall survival.
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