The result shows that the LVI decreases livelihood resilience index by 6.73 points, statistically significant at less than 1%.
As human populations have grown, livestock to human ratios have decreased, spurring the need for livelihood diversification.
Results indicate that nutritional status is poor and has remained so despite numerous changes to the social-ecological system including livelihood diversification, sedentarization, human population growth and decreased access to vegetation heterogeneity.
In the short term, oil spills result in wildlife populations being decreased and unbalanced, leisure activities being affected, and the livelihoods of people dependent on the sea being devastated.
The percentages used as livelihood energy, discarded and burned in the field decreased to 16.3%, 9.2% and 9.8%, respectively.
Multiple factors influence malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies, decreased consumption of animal source foods, and social factors that impact livelihood production and income purchasing power [ 10, 11].
The introduction of biogas energy sources, for instance, in China and India, has effectively improved livelihoods of rural communities where it has considerably decreased the dependence on energy consumption from fossil and wood sources [16, 19 22].
In these regions, losses of household income due to cutbacks in the mining sector and decreased foreign demand for diamonds and timber – coupled with increased prices for basic livelihood items – have left families unable to provide for their children.
Herd size decreased gradually up to 10 years of settlement whereby it dropped sharply as households diversified their livelihoods by investing in cultivation, trade and paid employment (Jabbar et al. 1995; Azuwike and Enwerem 2010; Adunga 2013).
In areas where livelihood choices are limited, decreasing crops yield may lead to out migration.
