Exercise training has been shown to decrease frailty and improve physical health in patients with Alzheimer disease, and is associated with delay in onset of dementia and Alzheimer disease [55], [56].
Including physical exercise in their routine activities decreases their frailty and improves their quality of life.
Those with obesity were significantly more likely to meet exhaustion, weakness, reduced gait velocity and decreased activity levels frailty criteria (p ≤ 0.05).
Data obtained from the Honolulu Heart Program found that elderly men with orthostatic hypotension (OH) are more likely to exhibit increased frailty, decreased walk performance, and reduced hand grip strength.
Early detection of frailty and pre-frailty before decreased reserves become more pronounced helps to shift towards more appropriate goal-directed and individualized care provision.
Being female is associated with poorer self-rated physical and mental health, greater frailty, but decreased mortality.
Better dietary quality (higher DQI) is associated with better self-rated physical and mental health, less frailty and decreased mortality.
Consequently, the progressive age-associated loss of muscle mass leads to significant weakness, frailty and decreased quality of life [ 6].
There were no significant differences between the control and intervention groups with regard to improved, maintained or decreased of level of frailty compared to baseline at any follow-up, see Table 3.
In humans, low IGF-1 levels have been associated with frailty and decreased functionality [ 22] Although these candidate ageing/frailty biomarkers have been described in the geriatric field, their value in the clinical practice is far from established, and they have not formally been correlated with the frailty syndrome [ 23] in older cancer patients.
Low levels of haemoglobin and the presence of anaemia have been found to be risk factors for poor mobility, increased frailty and decreased executive function in women [ 3- 5], a relationship with poorer outcome after sub arachnoid haemorrhage [ 6] decreased motor performance [ 7] and increased risk of death [ 8].
