The antagonistic pleiotropy theory proposes that mutations that increase early reproduction will increase fitness despite accelerating the decrease of late reproduction and shortening life span (Williams 1957).
Even small gains in replication fidelity are advantageous to the system, if only due to the decrease of the reproduction cost as a result of the increasing yield of viable copies of the genome.
For individuals in egalitarian groups the relative benefit of group formation increases under conditions of increasing variance in foraging success and decreasing cost of reproduction.
Similar decreases in estimates of reproduction number of 2009 H1N1 when more than one pandemic wave had occurred have been reported in many countries, including Mexico [ 28], Argentina and Brazil [ 19], Canada [ 20], and Japan [ 34, 35].
As above, this is a simplified version of the Euler-Lotka equation for discrete time, where age-specific output is equal to one for all ages where a cell divides, and zero otherwise, and where a decrease in the rate of reproduction and an increase in intrinsic mortality with age are not included.
Implantation of the probe, however, appeared to decrease accurate reproduction of joint angles.
Furthermore, the reproduction decrease starting from the end of summer regardless of NDVI anomalies and temperature anomalies, suggests that the decrease of day length constrains reproduction during autumn.
Eventually, the benefit of producing stronger defenses and tolerances will be outweighed by the detriment of decreased reproduction.
We recently showed that facultative delay of reproduction during population decreases can increase relative fitness, even if total lifetime fecundity is less (Ratcliff et al. 2009).
It indicated that improving the awareness of reproduction and contraception might decrease the prevalence rate of unintended pregnancy among graduate students.
