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There is an effect of the number of cells to result in industrial decrease of ethanol yield.
A further increase of the ethanol feed concentration leads to a steep decrease of ethanol crossover rate.
The decrease of ethanol conversion in the presence of nickel was due to the coverage of palladium particles by nickel oxide, as demonstrated by IR analysis.
Also, an economically relevant decrease of ethanol yield was observed when the level of the yeast Dekkera bruxellensis, which was consistently identified as the main contaminant in bioethanol distilleries in Brazil, increased up to almost 50% of the yeast population (de Souza Liberal et al. 2007).
Existence of minimum vanillin and syringaldehyde will lead to 1/3 decrease of ethanol yield for Z. mobilis [ 8] due to the disruptions of cell membrane and enzyme hydrophobic sites by phenolic compounds [ 1, 2].
Z. mobilis ZM4 completely consumed glucose and reached the maximum ethanol titer at 8 h, but delayed about 12, 16, and 24 h and led to decrease of ethanol productivity from 0.73 to 0.24, 0.70, and 0.61 g/L/h when 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, syringaldehyde, and vanillin were separately added (Fig. 1b, c).
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It was provided that with decreasing of ethanol volume in ethanol/water solution the polarity of the solvent mixture will increase continuously [23].
The redox modulations resulted in the decrease production of ethanol and lactate by 17.5 and 51.7% to 1.32 and 6.08 g/L, respectively.
Deletion of the ENT1 gene in mice mimics the state of chronic ethanol exposure, showing decreased levels of ethanol response and excessive alcohol consumption along with decreased synaptic adenosine function and increased glutamate neurotransmission [19], [20].
From Table 3, it is easy to notice that the hemicellulose exclusion means a significant decrease of the ethanol yield.
However, in case of the mutant strain, there is residual glucose in the growth medium, resulting in a decrease of total ethanol produced (Wang et al. [2011]).
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