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Table 5 Adopted cost ratio values (decrease of construction value in percentage) EMS-98 damage class Cost ratio (Cr) D1 5 (± 2) D2 20 (± 5) D3 45 (± 5) D4 D5 103 (± 3).
Eccentric braces need more construction accuracy thereby resulting in a decrease of construction speed and higher cost in spite of better stiffness performance and higher energy dissipation (Özhendekci and Özhendekci 2008; Bosco and Rossi 2009).
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This means that the total ESV would decrease with the growth of construction land.
Developers and maintainers of ontologies will benefit directly from decreased maintenance work, ease of construction and the availability of technical documentation, while users and applications of an ontology will only benefit indirectly from such research goals.
The main goal is to evaluate if increasing design concrete compressive strength would result a better balance between the amounts of steel and concrete, leading to a decrease of environmental impacts and construction costs, followed by an increase in RC structure service life and/or durability.
Frequently errors and information gap occurred while integrating those drawings of different revisions, resulting in waste of resource and decrease of productivity during late construction phase.
For MLR the bias estimates also decreased with a larger percentage of construction data in the inner loop for the same reason where the dependence on construction data set size and thus on the cross-validation type was quite strong (Figure 1).
The pipeline's proponents, including the company behind the project, Dakota Access, a subsidiary of Energy Transfer Partners, argue it will create thousands of construction jobs and decrease the amount of oil shipped by rail, which many in the industry often argue is more dangerous than pumping oil by pipeline.
This study aims to develop an innovative measure to solve this waste disposal problem by means of synthesizing zeolite A from the SSA and using it as a Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) additive, which can decrease the construction temperature of asphalt pavement, thus reducing the associated energy consumption and pollutant emission.
The use of SCC in construction projects allows for a reduction of human resources and equipment, which significantly decreases the labor cost and time of construction.
This aerial pipeline dramatically decreases the cost and the time of construction relative to conventional pipelines of steel, which saves energy and greatly lowers the capital cost of construction.
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