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The oxidative capacity of birnessite is implicated as the reason for enhanced decomposition rates of noncellulosic polysaccharides in beech litter, whereas Fe and Al oxides decrease litter decomposition rates [23].
Moreover, selection for large offspring size might simultaneously decrease litter size [ 19].
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Of particular concern is late-onset epilepsy, which can surface after an otterhound has already produced offspring, as well as decreasing litter size and female dogs who have difficulty conceiving.
They reported that addition N and P decreased litter decomposition.
Ethanol exposure decreased litter weights but did not affect litter mortality compared with maltose-exposed controls.
All climate change manipulation treatments decreased litter decomposition compared to the control treatment.
We identified several possible explanations for the decreased coqui densities in open-canopy plots, including decreased litter moisture and insect prey, and temporal and spatial scales associated with disturbance that may have influenced coqui behavior.
Exposure to hypergravity also affected pregnancy outcome as evidenced by decreased litter size, lowered neonatal mass at birth, and higher neonatal mortality; pregnancy outcome was not affected in RC dams.
Forty-seven percent of the difference between the sites in this respect is explained by suppressed decomposition under higher moisture conditions, 37% by the decreased litter input into the soil (more frequently disturbed ecosystems have lower productivity) and 16% by direct consumption of the forest floor in fires.
Our selective cutting and removal of the forest canopy above 3 m, which included trimming 234 palm trees and 342 non-palm trees, greatly altered the understory micro-environment by increasing light levels and decreasing litter moisture for 18 months; throughfall and soil moisture were elevated in trim plots for 3 months.
S1p2/S1p3 double knockout caused increased perinatal lethality and decreased litter size.
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