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However, the small reduction in salt excretion could have been due to the significant decrease in urine flow, which was secondary to the reduced glucose excretion, since glucose is an osmotically active solute in renal tubules.
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Indeed, classic experiments demonstrate that (i) there is a steeply graded relationship between change in renal venous pressure and reduction in urine flow and (ii) kidney blood flow is reduced more by an increase in venous pressure than by an equivalent decrease in arterial pressure [ 20].
The peak diuretic effect of oral and intravenous conivaptan occurred between two to four hours, 11– 14 resulting in a seven-fold increase in urine flow rate and a decrease in urinary osmolality.
Furosemide increased fractional excretion of sodium (excreted sodium/filtered sodium) from 2%to25%5% and caused a 10-fold increase in urine flow because of a 28% decrease in tubular sodium reabsorption.
During the treatment period, those patients with urinary obstruction noted improvement in urine flow, and those with osseous metastases reported decreased bone pain.
produced a marked and sustained decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, and urinary sodium excretion and a profound increase in urine flow.
Temporary changes in urine flow or normal physiological variability can cause high urine Cd excretion.
Because creatinine enters urine at a fairly constant rate, urine creatinine concentration is inversely proportional to urine flow rate and can be used to correct for differences in urine flow rate (Barr et al. 2005).
In animal studies viscosity-mediated decreases in GFR, urine flow and renal medullary blood flow have been demonstrated [ 4, 53, 54].
Air hunger and mental confusion are caused by the inadequate carriage of oxygen, and decreased urine flow stems from a decrease in the renal (kidney) blood flow, which, if severe, can lead to kidney failure.
Ten patients reported urinary hesitation, sometimes in combination with a decreased urine flow.
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