Farmers in this study attributed abusive cutting of trees, decrease in species richness of the vegetation, decline of annual productivity of vegetation and increase in invasive species to transhumant practices.
A recent meta-analysis documented an increase in fish species richness with moderate declines in coral cover that shifted to a decrease in richness with more severe declines of coral [52], consistent with the model of intermediate disturbance.
Furthermore, socio-professional categories appear to influence the likelihood of reporting an increase in abusive cutting of tree, spread of invasive species and a decrease in species richness of the vegetation.
However, care must be taken to avoid a decrease in the richness of humic fractions in the obtained products.
Changes in species richness and abundance of birds and bats, e.g. through human induced changes in land use or climatic change, might have far-reaching consequences on ecosystem functioning and services, as a decrease in species richness of birds and bats are likely to lead to a steep increase in the number and abundance of arthropod herbivores.
In terms of trophic/life-habit groups, the total succession shows an increase of infaunal suspension-feeder species' richness from the lowest (C1) to the upper (C4) shell bed, whereas epifaunal taxa decrease in richness.
The value of the breakpoint was estimated at near 30% forest cover, and the data set revealed a very sharp decrease in richness and abundance.
For dung beetles, in addition to a decrease in richness, a decrease in abundance has been observed, along with changes in species composition that depend on the degree of habitat transformation, see [20] and references cited therein.
Two of the more prevalent biodiversity patterns described in the literature are the decrease in richness with increasing latitude (latitudinal species-diversity gradient, LSDG [e.g., [57], [58]]) and unimodal pattern of richness with water depth, peaking at around 2,000 m [e.g., [59], [60]].
