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Studies have shown a decrease in brain glutamate levels with aging [ 37], as well as in the AD brain [ 38, 39].
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Insulin-induced increase in brain glutamate at brain glucose levels below 5 mM is associated with significantly decreased L/Glu, thus reflecting neuroprotective potential of infused insulin even at low brain glucose levels.
Administration of insulin at brain glucose less than 5 mM (the threshold determined in Figure 5) was associated with a significant increase in brain glutamate and unchanged brain lactate levels (3.8 to 5.3 mM) resulting in a significantly decreased L/Glu ratio.
Despite an increase in brain glutamate at brain glucose below 5 mM insulin appears to be neuroprotective reflected by the significantly decreased L/Glu and signs of improved cerebral metabolism.
To confirm that the protective effect was mediated by a decrease in the brain glutamate levels, we performed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the infarct region.
Combination treatment (MN +3-AB) decreased brain glutamate, down-regulated IBA-1, up-regulated GFAP and BDNF expressions in 3-NP intoxicated mice.
This decrease in brain activity can last six hours.
This effect is mediated through a reduction in serum and brain glutamate levels.
Glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme which has a regulatory role in the brain glutamate pool.
In normal brain, glutamate is taken up via astrocyte glutamate transporters from the extracellular space and metabolized to inactive glutamine to prevent excessive excitatory effects on neurons.
Glutamatergic synapses are the major excitatory synapses in the brain, and brain glutamate levels are exquisitely controlled [ 8].
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