Faced by a new range of threats and with countermeasures apparently of rapidly declining effectiveness, that may be about to change.
The declining effectiveness of Egypt's military comes as no surprise to American diplomats and officers, who have been warning superiors in Washington for years.
With most global interest rates low and declining effectiveness of past quantitative easing, it is difficult to see a significant improvement in world markets.
As a result of the declining effectiveness of existing antibiotics and the steady decrease in new antibiotic development, alternative approaches to antibiotic therapy are appearing including immunotherapy and the use of bacteriophages.
"Hawaii is on the front line for antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea – we've been one of the first states to see declining effectiveness of each drug over the years," said Dr. Alan Katz, professor of public health at the University of Hawaii.
Seasonal influenza, though the case-mortality rate is lower, still kills ten of thousands of Americans annually [4], [5] and clinicians are faced with the problems of ineffective vaccine strategies and declining effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors [24], [25].
However, this treatment faces declining effectiveness, with rates dropping below 80% due to the emergence of drug-resistance.
For PPSV, we assumed that vaccination effectiveness was a function of baseline effectiveness, declining effectiveness with time, pneumococcal serotype coverage and the percentage immunocompromised (Table 2).
The persistence of antibody following one dose of vaccine was not anticipated to be long term following the observation of declining effectiveness 1 year following even multiple doses of meningococcal serogroup C vaccines administered in infancy [ 15].
The declining effectiveness of current antibiotics due to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains dictates a pressing need for novel classes of antimicrobial therapies, preferably against molecular sites other than those in which resistance mutations have developed.
Although the second most successful bowler on the tour, his bowling subsequently declined in effectiveness, and did not trouble batsmen on good pitches.
