The relative paucity of Recent morphological characters that unite pycnogonids with other arthropods or unite hexapods with any particular crustacean group to the exclusion of other groups has hampered attempts to remove long-branch artefacts and decide between alternative hypotheses.
Wilson further undermines his case by repeatedly counting as "evolutionary" any human activity involving "variation and selection," including committees that have to decide between alternative plans and children who learn to discard those behaviors that don't bring them rewards.
In this publication, we explicitly discuss our deviations from the standard DEB model in terms of the underlying hypotheses, the existence of alternative hypotheses to explain the data, and how limited additional experiments can be designed to decide between alternative explanations.
The connectivity or 'logic' of a network determines which factors will be expressed together, so understanding network structure helps us to understand how particular cell states arise, how cells move forward through differentiation and how they decide between alternative fates.
However, this finding would not detract from the findings and the value of this study, i.e., demonstrating that individual genes frequently contain too little information to decide between alternative phylogenies.
The probabilities of the occurrence of certain relevant critical values tested in sensitivity analysis are not taken into account.Quantitative risk analysis can improve the likelihood of successful investment if results are taken into account in deciding between alternatives.
The concluding section provides a summary of the trade-offs that policy makers make when deciding between alternative strategies.
The concept of value analysis relates to the systematic weighting of all the factors in deciding between alternative processes and materials.
Algorithmic thinking is taking a step back and asking, "If it's the case that algorithms are so useful in computing to achieve predictability, might they also be useful in everyday life, when it comes to, say, deciding between alternative ways of solving a problem or completing a task?" In all cases, we optimize for efficiency: We care about time or space.
