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"What we're seeing now is a clear regrouping and also, again, some kind of deception campaign, saying, 'Look, we're moving out,' " Mr. Saakashvili told The Associated Press.
Colossus was successful in its intended purpose: the German messages it helped to decode provided information about German battle orders, supplies, and personnel; it also confirmed that an Allied deception campaign, Operation Fortitude, was working.
Now he wrote to Mueller, "There is a possibility that the fabrication of these documents may be part of a larger deception campaign aimed at manipulating public opinion and foreign policy regarding Iraq".
The Aug. 6 memorandum, as previously reported, discussed the benefits of a deception campaign that would highlight Colonel Qaddafi's terrorist activities, suggest the possibility of further American military action and exaggerate his vulnerability to internal opposition.
With the public and Congress unconvinced of the case for war, "the Bush administration engaged in a deception campaign to inflate the threat posed by Saddam," the author writes.
But today, Administration officials said the program did not originate with that memo, but grew out of a mid-August State Department document to the White House laying out a "deception" campaign.
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To be sure, we know that the Internet Research Agency's deception campaigns altogether enjoyed broad reach and were viewed by many Americans; more than 126 million of us may have unwittingly viewed the Russians' egregious and misleading content on Facebook alone.
Deception campaigns are now self-learned, proposals automatically created, and at a push of a button, can be globally executed.
Human editors simply can't keep up, so researchers are actively working to combat some of the most dangerous deception campaigns, which often spread quickly through social media.
More to the point, as the individuals behind those campaigns claim they are merely "for research" and as Facebook itself presses forward with an academic research initiative that has explicitly not ruled out supporting such deception campaigns in live elections, what will the future hold for democracy?
When asked to state for the record that any form of active intervention in a live election, including misinformation and deception campaigns intended to research whether they could alter the outcome of a democratic election, the initiative's lead SSRC declined to do so.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com