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In this paper, a two-period closed-loop supply chain network is investigated, with manufacturers as decentralized decision makers who compete for market share.
Deploying guiding principles is a middle way that guides your decentralized decision makers without tripping them up.
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Bi-level decision making or bi-level programming techniques, first introduced by Von Stackelberg (1952), have been developed for mainly solving decentralized decision process with decision makers in a hierarchical organization.
The bilevel programming techniques are mainly developed for solving decentralized management problems with decision makers in a hierarchical organization.
Bi-level programming is recognized as a powerful mathematical apparatus for modeling decentralized decisions with two decision makers (DMs) in a large hierarchical organization.
Multi-level programming problem (MLPP) concerns with decentralized programming problems with multiple decision makers (DMs) in multi-level or hierarchical organizations, where decisions have interacted with each other.
In the real world, banks have a decentralized structure in which multi decision makers in a hierarchical structure makes decision in turn or at the same time to optimize their objective function.
In this paper, we applied bi-level programming DEA model with two inter-related decision makers in a decentralized decision structure to evaluate the performance of 15 Iranian bank branches with one level correspond to a leader while the other a follower.
A discussion with regional decision makers pointed to three decentralized locations which were suitable for biogas production.
However, environmental decision support systems/tools (henceforth EDSS) are often strongly science-driven and assuming single types of decision makers, and hence poorly suited for more decentralized and polycentric decision making contexts.
In the decentralized supply chain, the production and distribution are controlled by different decision makers with a hierarchical relationship between them and each of them has its particular objective.
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