Since the mid 1990s Decentralized Cooperation became distinctive feature of the Italian Cooperation with the objective of creating and consolidating long-term cultural, technical and economic partnerships between local communities as a tool for promoting human development.
Focus on co-development, cultural and technical interchange, reciprocity, and mutual accountability, and emphasis on Primary Health Care and integrated health systems are peculiar of the Italian decentralized cooperation approach and represent great potential for organizational innovation at territorial level.
Local ownership, involvement of civil society, and coordination with all locally-relevant actors characterized the Italian approach to development, particularly in integrated human development and decentralized cooperation initiatives, which also strongly influenced a number of WHO [ 7] and UNDP programmes worldwide [ 24].
Secondly, Italy has not adequately leveraged the various energies of its country system ("Sistema Italia") [ 1, 2] already involved in global health, including the experience of Italian institutions and civil society organizations in decentralized cooperation with homologous entities in partner countries.
At the same time, the distinctive experience of Italian decentralized cooperation, with the involvement of a multiplicity actors in a coordinated effort for cooperation in health with homologous partners in developing countries, may offer – if adequately harnessed - new opportunities for an Italian "system" of development cooperation.
In several cases these, as well as Municipalities, have been strong promoter of decentralized cooperation with the involvement of a multiplicity of institutional, academic and civil society actors in a coordinated effort for cooperation in health with homologous partners in DCs.
The rules in Equation 10 belong to decentralized fuzzy cooperation dynamics where each PU operates as a separate entity with actual co l shaped by the individual satisfaction, preferences, and insurance levels in the contracts.
In conclusion, the main characteristics of F-RAN include ubiquity, decentralized management, and cooperation [2, 18].
A greedy CS algorithm is presented to solve the centralized problem, which yields limited additional gain with respect to the decentralized scheme with overlapping cooperation clusters.
To derive decentralized solutions that do not require any cooperation among the users, we formulate this problem as noncooperative joint random access and power control game, in which each user minimizes its average transmission cost with a given rate constraint.
The result is decentralized, about 100 of what Bishop Swing calls "cooperation circles," autonomous, interfaith groups around the globe.
