IDEAS, October 2013 "Roads, Railroads and Decentralization of Chinese Cities", by Nathaniel Baum-Snow, Loren Brandt, J. Vernon Henderson, Matthew A. Turner and Qinghua Zhang.
With the initiation of China's economic reforms that began in 1978 and under the impacts of globalization, privatization, marketization, and decentralization of administration, cities in China have undergone extremely rapid spatial, economic, and social transformations, giving rise to what might be labeled multiplex urbanism.
The sinking of land, resulting from the overuse of groundwater, and the decentralization of the city of Ōsaka have created other problems.
Dr. Lerner was most vociferous in her opposition, calling it "a no-win situation" and comparing it to the decentralization of the city's school system nearly three decades ago, an effort that she called a failure.
The strike by the teachers union in 1968, which led to decentralization of the city school system, was freighted with black-white, black-Jewish antagonisms and expressions of anti-Semitism.
Dr. Shapiro, a veteran of the tumult over racial integration and the decentralization of the New York City public school system, came to the fore as principal of Public School 119 in Harlem.
The decentralization of police jurisdictions to individual cities also created problems.
Policing in the United States during the late 19th century was complicated by migration and immigration, which continually reshaped the ethnic and cultural makeup of cities, and by the radical decentralization of police authority within the cities.
Expanding public transit can have an important effect on sorting income groups in cities and has the potential to encourage the decentralization of the urban poor from inner-city slums and improve access to the labor market of the urban poor in the suburbs.
