The three parties were not included in the three debates jointly proposed by the BBC, Sky, ITV and Channel 4. The BBC has said "strong and clear-cut" evidence of electoral support was behind the broadcasters' plans.
The theme of last night's debate - jointly organised by the museum and the Guardian - was "Religion, politics and sexuality: what can history tell us about the boundaries of expression in the Middle East now?" If there was one thing all the platform speakers could agree upon, it was that the Middle East hasn't always been a sexually repressive place.
The debate, sponsored jointly by The New York Times and The New Jersey Network, was taped at 1 p.m. and broadcast at 9 p.m.
They would then be followed by a head-to-head debate broadcast jointly by Channel 4 and Sky News between the two men vying to become Prime Minister – David Cameron and Ed Miliband.
In May, Fox News announced that, in order to participate in its first prime-time debate, hosted jointly with Facebook, Republican candidates had to "place in the top ten of an average of the five most recent national polls".
The debate is being jointly sponsored by CNN and the Tea Party Express.
The alternative lectures were published as Debate On Disarmament, jointly edited by Mowlam, with all proceeds from the book going to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.
In a separate resolution to be jointly debated on Monday and put to the vote on Tuesday, MEPs will propose ways to increase the visibility of EU cohesion policy, as one of the most recent Eurobarometer studies revealed that only one third of EU citizens are aware of the positive impact of EU investments in the regions where they live.
This flows from the fact that the presidential debate commission was established jointly by Republican and Democratic leaders in 1987.
In the rare event of a filibuster, the motion to end debate was often filed jointly by leaders of both parties.
