The top scoring network was composed of genes related to cell death, organism survival and cancer, and highlighted MYC, PDGF BB, and EPAS1/HIF2 as prominent nodes.
Senescent cells are hyperfunctional, leading to age-related diseases and conditions, an increasing the probability of death (organism aging) [ 34, 62].
To explain the pheromone effect on yeast in terms of the traditional concept of non-programmed death of organisms, Kirkwood and Melov [ 1] assumed that yeast cells form in fact a multicellular organism.
Some of them such as hexavalent chromium and azo dyes are very toxic to the ecosystem and cause death of organisms.
One more phenomenon, inconceivable from the individual-centered view, is phenoptosis, the programmed death of organisms (see e.g. [ 135]).
To define all cases of programmed death of organisms, in 1997 I suggested the term "phenoptosis" [ 11] (for discussion, see [ 7, 9, 12]).
Since the deleting, interrupting or blocking of essential proteins leads to the death of organisms, essential proteins can serve as candidates of drug-targets for developing novel therapies of diseases, such as cancers or infectious diseases [ 3].
In " Cancer as programmed death of organism", the concept of cancer as programmed death of an organism is further substantiated by showing it as the process embracing the whole organism and unfolding along pre-determined pathways.
They also reported chemical signs in carbon in the rocks that indicate rapid, widespread deaths of organisms.
This evolution occurs, however, only at enormous cost: modern humans, complex and reasonably well-adapted, exist only because of billions of deaths of organisms slightly less adapted and somewhat less complex.
Thereby, it would be possible to get an insight into the biochemistry of the cancer-induced programmed death of organism.
