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"The big question is, how long is it going to last?" Given that it takes some big fish years to reach spawning age, the death of larvae and juvenile fish could have consequences that might not show up for a long time.
Recently, it was reported that the penetration of NPs when treated with laveral membrane results in the death of larvae due to interaction with cell molecules [28].
This line exhibits progressive accumulation of unspliced U12-type introns during larval development and the death of larvae at the third instar stage.
The AEFLL showed no single death of larvae over a concentration of 50 500 μg/mL for brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
Among this series of experiments, the most important was the internal exposure experiment, which demonstrated that the contaminated host plant directly caused the death of larvae and pupae in a dose-dependent manner.
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Moreover, Miranpuri and Khachatourians (1991) found that the most preferred site for fungal development of B. bassiana after ingestion by the larvae of Aedes aegypti was the larval gut and germination of the ingested conidia and their development in the gut caused the death of host larvae.
Here, our aim was to record physical processes at fine resolution, so we opted for a beam strength that likely resulted in death of the larvae within 10-20 min of exposure.
It is possible that impaired cardiac function is the cause of death of these larvae.
This method ensured that the population suppression effect of female death of transgenic larvae, reflected later by reduced number of eggs collected, resulted in reduced numbers of pupae re-entering the OX4319L-treated cages relative to an untreated population.
These abnormalities, which were most prominent in the anterior notochord, were characterized by aberrant cellular proliferation, and were present as early as 3 dpf, with 70% penetrance by 7 dpf, 100% penetrance by 8 dpf, and subsequent death of the larvae (Fig. 1 and supplementary material Movies 1 3).
Upon death of a larva, it was removed to a sterile Petri dish and incubation was continued under the same temperature and humidity conditions for 18 24 h.
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