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The first reason for receiving counselling for non-PAS may be that especially clients with a severe disease are looking for a peaceful death for current suffering.
Following Pope et al. (2009, 2011b), we estimated the RR of each of the four causes of death for current cigarettes smoked per day compared with never smokers from the CPS-II.
To estimate the SAF for healthcare costs, we assumed the RRs of disease-specific healthcare cost for current and former smokers were the same as those of disease-specific death for current and former smokers because of data limitation.
Note that (RRC−1) denotes the excess risk of disease-specific death for current smokers over never-smokers, and similarly, (RRF−1) denotes the excess risk of disease-specific death for former smokers over never-smokers.
In the case of individual statins, the QResearch study reported significant protective effects against risk of death for current use of atorvastatin and simvastatin; with CPRD we found the same, but also a protective effect for pravastatin, which just failed to reach 1% significance in QResearch (p=0.013).
19 20 The RRs for each disease and each cause of death for current smokers, former smokers and SHS exposure are shown in table 1. Expenditures paid by the NHI for inpatient hospitalisations and outpatient visits were included as direct costs.
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The introduction of check boxes on Swedish death certificates for current pregnancy and pregnancy within a year preceding death may increase this awareness.
Because of the slow growth of the tumor, it is premature to assume that the even lower death rate for current Chernobyl-related cases will be maintained, particularly for cases yet to occur.
Figure 2 presents the cumulative risks of lung cancer death separately for current smokers and never/former smokers based on the lowest (Q1) and the highest (Q4) quartile carotenoids.
Among all men born before 1920, the overall death rate ratio for current versus never smokers was 1.46 (95% confidence interval 1.38 to 1.54), while for those born during 1920-45 it was substantially higher, at 1.89 (1.70 to 2.10).
The higher death rate ratios in individuals born during 1920-45 compared with individuals born earlier could not be explained by an effect of calendar period, as there was little trend with calendar period in the death rate ratios for current smokers versus never smokers for either men or women (see extra tables 1a and 1b in supplementary material on bmj.com).
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com