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A higher proportion of the dead seedlings had been damaged by gophers and voles in the open area compared to seedlings growing under vegetation cover (P < 0.05).
In week 20, the number of dead seedlings was counted, and the shoot height and root collar diameter of the remaining live seedlings were measured to 1 and 0.1 mm precision, respectively.
For F. oxysporum, we adopted the scale described by Vakalounakis and Frangkiadakis (1999) (0 = no symptoms; 1 = light vascular discoloration in the stem with or without stunting; 2 = vascular discoloration in the stem, stunting, wilting with or without yellowing of cotyledons; and 3 = dead seedlings).
After 14 d of cold treatment at 9°C, this assay is performed by scoring seedlings as 1 = dark green seedlings, 3 = light green seedlings, 5 = yellow seedlings, 7 = brown seedlings, 9 = dead seedlings (Kim and Tai [2011]; Andaya and Tai [2006]).
Surviving and dead seedlings were counted in the plate media.
The dead seedlings were cross-cut and examined for the presence of dehydrated areas as evidence of disease [10].
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Survival was measured as a categoric trait (i.e. live seedling = 1, dead seedling = 0).
Conversely, the lack of finding of P. ramorum in a dead seedling does not rule out the pathogen as the cause of death; oomycetes are difficult to isolate from dead, woody tissue, even with sensitive diagnostic methods (Hayden et al. 2004).
All dead Pritchardia seedlings were upright in the spot where they had been planted, fully intact (no evidence of herbivory) and dessicated.
When all the TN1 plants were dead, the seedling mortality of other cultivars or lines was recorded.
In urban greenspace, the density and/or probability of occurrence of trees, seedlings, dead trees, hollow-bearing trees, hollows, logs and native ground and mid-storey vegetation were significantly lower compared with reserves, but comparable with agricultural land.
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