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Higher welfare gains under transition to DC than under the DB system suggest a positive reinforcement between the systemic and retirement age reform.
We show, additionally, that welfare effects after implementing the systemic reform from a DB to a DC system are similar to those under a DB system, although channels of welfare effects differ.
We show that in a crowdsourcing DB system, the optimal solution to both problems is NP-Hard.
Just like a conventional DB system, such a crowdsourcing DB system requires data manipulation functions such as select, aggregate, maximum, average, and so on, except that now it must rely on human operators (that for example compare two objects) with very different latency, cost and accuracy characteristics.
Future research should also examine holistic strategies to reduce regional GF and DB system footprints, such as substituting food waste for traditional feeds and accounting for ecosystem services provided by pasture-based farming systems within LCA.
A DB system may be fully or partially funded, or it may be unfunded.
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Finally, states can transition their defined benefit (DB) systems to defined contribution (DC) systems.
These insights, however, mainly concern analyses within one pension system, most frequently the pay-as-you-go DB systems.
This modeling choice is conservative in the sense that DB systems are more fiscally viable if the population stabilizes.
The FiSL MODIS-DB system detected 87% of all reference fires > 4 km2, and 93% of all reference fires > 10 km2.
3.1, between 1994 and 2003 coexisted a PAYG-DB system together with a IA-DC system.
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