Put quite simply, phylogeographic studies in recent years have relied on the potentially rich information available from molecular studies (e.g., dating of splitting events, metrics of population history, etc)., but to the point of not weighting sufficiently other potential sources of insight.
Other maximum likelihood estimates of migration rates and dates of population divergence, inferred from the mtDNA data, are presented in Figure 2. Of interest, even within the Druze, analysis of maternal migration rates revealed, low migration values for Galilee Druze with other Druze regions, with the exception of Lebanon (Figure S2).
Estimated dates of population expansion in N. magellanica are consistent with previous analysis in the species [ 49] and with thermal records of warmer conditions in Patagonia.
The likelihood of population stratification was considered low because there is no evidence to date of population stratification for the phenotypes under consideration (i.e., craving, relative value of alcohol, affect).
In order to estimate the date of population establishment in the Canarian archipelago, we investigated historical changes in the effective size of the Canarian population using two likelihood-based Bayesian methods.
However, it may be argued that larger series of time-controlled (natural) experiments with known dates of population establishment are needed for a proper assessment of evolutionary rates in Cepaea.
From the instant change model, point estimates of effective population size, date of population size change, and the ancient population size ranged from 6000 to 26,000 individuals, from 8000 to 204,000 years ago, and from 5 to 31 times larger than the current size, respectively.
The age of universe as estimated from the Hubble expansion and the CMB is now in good agreement with other estimates using the ages of the oldest stars, both as measured by applying the theory of stellar evolution to globular clusters and through radiometric dating of individual Population II stars.
Information from each potential article was extracted by RvdL using a standardised form, recording: the BPS investigated, population, date of publication and literature search, number of studies reviewed and if a meta-analysis was performed.
We used the MMD age expansion parameter to date the onset of population expansion [ 84].
