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Other maximum likelihood estimates of migration rates and dates of population divergence, inferred from the mtDNA data, are presented in Figure 2. Of interest, even within the Druze, analysis of maternal migration rates revealed, low migration values for Galilee Druze with other Druze regions, with the exception of Lebanon (Figure S2).
Estimated dates of population expansion in N. magellanica are consistent with previous analysis in the species [ 49] and with thermal records of warmer conditions in Patagonia.
However, it may be argued that larger series of time-controlled (natural) experiments with known dates of population establishment are needed for a proper assessment of evolutionary rates in Cepaea.
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The likelihood of population stratification was considered low because there is no evidence to date of population stratification for the phenotypes under consideration (i.e., craving, relative value of alcohol, affect).
In order to estimate the date of population establishment in the Canarian archipelago, we investigated historical changes in the effective size of the Canarian population using two likelihood-based Bayesian methods.
Dating of population divergence is critical in understanding speciation and in evaluating the evolutionary significance of genetic lineages, upon which identification of conservation and management units should be based.
From the instant change model, point estimates of effective population size, date of population size change, and the ancient population size ranged from 6000 to 26,000 individuals, from 8000 to 204,000 years ago, and from 5 to 31 times larger than the current size, respectively.
However, we must emphasize that the dates of actual population or species divergences are necessarily more recent than dates of molecular divergences [ 65, 66].
The difference in spawn timing (days) corresponded to the absolute difference between peak spawning dates of two populations.
Additionally, the differences detected may have been influenced by the life-history characteristics (i.e. spawning dates) of the populations considered.
That makes radiocarbon dates a yardstick of population, or so think Williams and some other researchers who employ this technique.
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