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The likelihood of population stratification was considered low because there is no evidence to date of population stratification for the phenotypes under consideration (i.e., craving, relative value of alcohol, affect).
In order to estimate the date of population establishment in the Canarian archipelago, we investigated historical changes in the effective size of the Canarian population using two likelihood-based Bayesian methods.
From the instant change model, point estimates of effective population size, date of population size change, and the ancient population size ranged from 6000 to 26,000 individuals, from 8000 to 204,000 years ago, and from 5 to 31 times larger than the current size, respectively.
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Other maximum likelihood estimates of migration rates and dates of population divergence, inferred from the mtDNA data, are presented in Figure 2. Of interest, even within the Druze, analysis of maternal migration rates revealed, low migration values for Galilee Druze with other Druze regions, with the exception of Lebanon (Figure S2).
Estimated dates of population expansion in N. magellanica are consistent with previous analysis in the species [ 49] and with thermal records of warmer conditions in Patagonia.
However, it may be argued that larger series of time-controlled (natural) experiments with known dates of population establishment are needed for a proper assessment of evolutionary rates in Cepaea.
Dating of population divergence is critical in understanding speciation and in evaluating the evolutionary significance of genetic lineages, upon which identification of conservation and management units should be based.
This study is the largest longitudinal study to date of a population with high levels of PFOA exposure.
This method is an alternative to the coalescent method when the founding date of the population is precisely known.
When the founding date of the population is precisely known, our method presents a useful alternative to the coalescent method.
By dividing this mean by the number of generations (50−100) from the date of the population founding, we deduced that rate of recombination in the MHC is approximately 0.004 to 0.008 in the Mauritian macaque population.
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