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The estimated date of expansion calculated from τ based on the mismatch distribution for South American harpy eagles is 60 000 BP (99 000–36 000 BP 95% CI) and falls entirely within the last ice age and more specifically, well before the last glacial maximum (LGM) of 22 000–19 500 BP [46].
The C-terminus strong conservation leads to the assumption that all the related genes derive by duplication events from a common ancestor, but the identity of this ancestral gene and the date of expansion can only be hypothesized.
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But even with a large data set it remains difficult to give relative dates of expansion for different haplogroups because of large confidence intervals.
The value τ was 1.734 for clade A and 1.467 for clade B, which translate to dates of expansion of 23 (18 35) and 20 (15 30) kyr BP, respectively.
It is difficult to give relative dates of expansion because of large confidence intervals, especially for D and G groups, but our results confirm that the expansions of B and C groups were more recent than that of A [13].
We estimated the parameter τ, i.e. the date of the expansion measured in units of mutational time, which can be used to estimate the time since expansion with the expression t = (τ/2μk)×g, where μ and g are as above and k is the sequence length (i.e. 494 bp).
Most of that benefit came from government guidelines clarifying the implementation date of the expansion of Medicaid 340B drug discounts on brand name drugs for low-income patients, Mr. Rice said in the conference call.
The estimated starting date of this expansion varies between about 7,000 and about 35,000 years BP depending on the calibration date used for the divergence time between B. taurus and B. bison.
This time frame is centered close to the dates of the expansion of the Mongol empire [18], which also reflect the estimates generated by Zerjal et al. [14], [18].
Estimated dates of population expansion in N. magellanica are consistent with previous analysis in the species [ 49] and with thermal records of warmer conditions in Patagonia.
And if Republicans did change the date of the Medicaid expansion, they would face a mutiny from moderates.
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