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Their best-guess date of colonization is 1220.
As in Estoup and Clegg (2003), we also assumed that all populations evolved as totally isolated demes after the date of colonization.
Because subjects are not screened prospectively and continuously, the initial date of colonization is assumed to be the time MRSA or VRE were discovered and documented (based on either a clinical infection or a surveillance screening).
While the date of the most recent common ancestor for each clade does not necessarily correspond exactly to the date of colonization, it does place a boundary on the earliest point at which colonization could have occurred in each group.
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The sequence and dates of colonization by silvereyes to New Zealand (South and North Island) and Chatham and Norfolk Islands have been historically documented.
Nevertheless, neither the exact location of the M. arvalis lineage origin, nor the position of glacial refugia, or even the date of the colonization onset have yet been established.
This study represents the most comprehensive evaluation to date of MRSA colonization in veterinary personnel.
The inference of changes in the effective size of the Canarian deme, using two likelihood-based Bayesian approaches, suggested that the establishment of this insular population took place some 2500 years ago, matching the date of human colonization.
Although such a shift would still indicate a late Pleistocene dynamics, a reliable dating of these colonization processes would enable us to understand in more detail the evolution of Madagascar's extraordinary biodiversity and the underlying driving forces of diversification.
Recruitment is the best studied process of colonization to date, and has been measured in different chemosynthetic habitats at different locations in the world's oceans.
Based on CR mtDNA sequence analyses and calibration of molecular clock applied to the nucleotide divergence of these sequences between the major grayling clades with a CR mutation rate of 1% per million years (MY), Froufe et al. [ 4] have dated the colonization of Europe to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary around 4.6 to 1.6 million years ago (MYA), far before the onset of Pleistocene ice age.
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